Chemical Equilibria

Michel Soustelle

• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE
• Year: 2015
• ISBN:
  9781119178569
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Thermodynamics

The book offers advanced students, in 7 volumes, successively characterization tools phases, the study of all types of phase, liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component, process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention was given to the rigor of mathematical developments.

Besides some very specialized books, the vast majority of existing works are intended for beginners and therefore limited in scope. There is no obvious connection between the two categories of books, general books does not go far enough in generalizing concepts to enable easy reading of advanced literature. The proposed project aims to give readers the ability to read highly specialized publications based on a more general presentation of the different fields of chemical thermodynamics. Consistency is ensured between the basic concepts and applications. So we find, in the same work, the tools, their use and comparison, for a more general macroscopic description and a microscopic description of a phase.

1
Physico-Chemical Transformations and Equilibria

A physico-chemical transformation of a system is the modification of the nature of its components under the influence of external stresses.

1.1. Characteristic parameters of physico-chemical transformations

A component is characterized by its chemical nature and by the phase to which it belongs. We can distinguish two types of physico-chemical transformations:

• – physical transformations where there is no alteration of the chemical nature of the species but there is a modification of their phases;
• – chemical transformations or reactions, where there is a modification of the chemical nature of the species present, and where that modification may or may not be accompanied by a phase change.

1.1.1. Balance equation of a transformation

Generally, a transformation is represented by its balance equation, which specifies the initial components, present before the transformation, and the end components. Symbolically, such a balance equation is written in the form:

[1R.1]

This formulation shows the algebraic stoichiometric numbers ν_i, which are counted as positive for the end components and as negative for the initial components. The sum is extended to all of the initial and final components.

Physical transformations are characterized by the unit value of all the stoichiometric numbers.

It is often useful for the balance equation to show the nature of the phases in which the components are. In order to do this, a system of symbols as outlined in Table 1.1 is included in the balance equations. According to this system, the vaporization of pure liquid water in an atmosphere composed solely of water is written as:

[1R.2]

Table 1.1. Symbolic representation of the phases of components in balance equations

Symbol	Meaning	Symbol	Meaning
{A}	Pure A in a gaseous phase	{{A}}	A in a gaseous mixt...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title
• Copyright
• Preface
• Notations and Symbols
• 1: Physico-Chemical Transformations and Equilibria
• 2: Properties of States of Physico-Chemical Equilibrium
• 3: Molecular Chemical Equilibria
• 4: Determination of the Values Associated with Reactions - Equilibrium Calculations
• APPENDICES
• Bibliography
• Index
• End User License Agreement