Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry

Principles and Practices of DART-MS

Yiyang Dong

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9783527803712
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Analytic Chemistry

Clear, comprehensive, and state of the art, the groundbreaking book on the emerging technology of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry Written by a noted expert in the field, Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry offers a review of the background and the most recent developments in DART-MS. Invented in 2005, DART-MS offers a wide range of applications for solving numerous analytical problems in various environments, including food science, forensics, and clinical analysis. The text presents an introduction to the history of the technology and includes information on the theoretical background, for exampleon the ionization mechanism. Chapters on sampling and coupling to different types of mass spectrometers are followed by a comprehensive discussion of a broad range of applications. Unlike most other ionization methods, DART does not require laborious sample preparation, as ionization takes place directly on the sample surface. This makes the technique especially attractive for applications in forensics and food science. Comprehensive in scope, this vital text: -Sets the standard on an important and emerging ionization technique
-Thoroughly discusses all the relevant aspects from instrumentation to applications
-Helps in solving numerous analytical problems in various applications, for example food science, forensics, environmental and clinical analysis
-Covers mechanisms, coupling to mass spectrometers, and includes information on challenges and disadvantages of the technique Academics, analytical chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, clinical chemists, forensic scientists, and others will find this illuminating text a must-have resource for understanding the most recent developments in the field.

Chapter 1
Introduction of Mass Spectrometry and Ambient Ionization Techniques

Yiyang Dong, Jiahui Liu and Tianyang Guo

College of Life Science & Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China

1.1 Evolution of Analytical Chemistry and Its Challenges in the Twenty-First Century

The Chemical Revolution began in the eighteenth century, with the work of French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) representing a fundamental watershed that separated the “modern chemistry” era from the “protochemistry” era (Figure 1.1). However, analytical chemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, is an ancient science and its metrological tools, basic applications, and analytical processes can be dated back to early recorded history [1]. In chronological spans covering ancient times, the middle ages, the era of the nineteenth century, and the three chemical revolutionary periods, analytical chemistry has successfully evolved from the verge of the nineteenth century to modern and contemporary times, characterized by its versatile traits and unprecedented challenges in the twenty-first century.

Figure 1.1 Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his wife by Jacques-Louis David, about 1788.

Historically, analytical chemistry can be termed as the mother of chemistry, as the nature and the composition of materials are always needed to be identified first for specific utilizations subsequently; therefore, the development of analytical chemistry has always been ahead of general chemistry [2]. During pre-Hellenistic times when chemistry did not exist as a science, various analytical processes, for example, qualitative touchstone method and quantitative fire-assay or cupellation scheme have been in existence as routine quality control measures for the purpose of noble goods authentication and anti-counterfeiting practices. Because of the unavailability of archeological clues for origin tracing, the chemical balance and the weights, as stated in the earliest documents ever found, was supposed to have been used only by the Gods [3].

During the middle ages (fifth to fifteenth century), alchemists began to assemble scattered knowledge that later became chemistry. Wet chemistry using mineral acids with noble metals symbolized the beginning of analytical chemistry as we know it today, and the evolution continued during the Age of Medicinal Chemistry (AD 1500–1650) as well as during the phlogiston era. The phlogiston theory was developed by J.J. Becher (1635–1682) late in the seventeenth century and was extended and popularized by G.E. Stahl (1659–1734). Some classical analytical methods had been developed since the seventeenth century: gravimetric analysis was invented by Friedrich Hoffmann (1660–1742), titrimetric analysis using nature dye indicators was widely practiced in 1874. Guy-Lussac (1778–1850) developed a titrimetric method for silver and got remarkable accuracy better than 0.05%, and Antoine Lavoisier who used balance to confute the phlogiston theory, demonstrated the law of mass conservation, which earned him the title “father of quantitative analysis.”

In 1826, Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884) devised a method for the quantitative determination of nitrogen in chemical substances. In 1860, the first instrumental analysis, namely, flame emissive spectrometry was developed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (Figure 1.2) who discovered rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs), and up to the latter half of the nineteenth century, about 90 elements were successfully discovered by the support of analytical chemistry, from which organic chemistry has benefited a lot. The periodic table of elements was created by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907) in 1869. In 1876, the paper entitled “On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances” published by Willard Gibbs (1839–1903) introduced and developed systematic chemical concepts as cornerstones and fundamental principles for analytical chemistry.

Figure 1.2 Photograph of Robert Bunsen (right) and Gustav Kirchhoff (left).

The year 1894 was very significant when Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) published an important and very influential text on the scientific fundamentals of analytical chemistry entitled “Die Wissenschaftichen Grundlagen der Analytischen Chemie” (Figure 1.3). In addition, a series of chemical revolutions, that is, the first chemical revolution at the molar level from 1770–1790, the second chemical revolution at the molecular level from 1855–1875, and the third chemical revolution at the electrical level from 1904–1924, were chronologically implemented, which greatly facilitated the emergence and bloom of modern analytical chemistry, via which instrumental analysis became prevalent to address assorted analytical needs [4].

Figure 1.3 Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932). Recipient of the 1909 Nobel Prize for Chemistry “in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.”

A prototype of mass spectrometer for ion separation and identification was invented by English physicist and 1906 Nobel Laureate in Physics Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940) at the beginning of the twentieth century, and in 1922, Francis William Aston (1877–1945) at the Cavendish laboratory in the University of Cambridge won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his investigation of isotopes and atomic weights using developed mass spectrometer with improved mass resolving power and mass accuracy. The spectrometer was developed in 1941, and self-recording Infrared, direct-reading, and self-recording emission spectrophotometers appeared in 1951. Gas ch...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• About the Editor
• Chapter 1: Introduction of Mass Spectrometry and Ambient Ionization Techniques
• Chapter 2: DART Mass Spectrometry: Principle and Ionization Facilities
• Chapter 3: Sampling and Analyte Enrichment Strategies for DART-MS
• Chapter 4: Optimization of DART and Mass Spectrometric Parameters
• Chapter 5: Interfacing DART to Extend Analytical Capabilities
• Chapter 6: Application of DART-MS in Foods and Agro-Products Analysis
• Chapter 7: Application of DART-MS for Industrial Chemical Analysis
• Chapter 8: Application of Direct Analysis in Real Time Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) for the Analysis of Environmental Contaminants
• Chapter 9: Application of DART-MS in Clinical and Pharmacological Analysis
• Chapter 10: DART-MS Applications in Pharmaceuticals
• Chapter 11: Application of DART-MS in Natural Phytochemical Research
• Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Applications of DART-MS
• Chapter 13: Inherent Limitations and Prospects of DART-MS
• Index
• End User License Agreement