Echocardiography Board Review

500 Multiple Choice Questions with Discussion

Ramdas G. Pai, Padmini Varadarajan

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2014
• Print ISBN:
  9781118515600
• eBook ISBN:
  9781118515594
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Cardiology

Echocardiography Board Review, 2^nd Edition

500 Multiple Choice Questions with Discussion

 

Ramdas G. Pai, MD, Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA

Padmini Varadarajan, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA

Echocardiography is an essential tool for the modern-day cardiologist and routinely used in the diagnosis, management and follow-up of patients with suspected or known heart diseases.

This best-selling book now returns in a fully revised new edition, once again providing cardiologists and cardiology/echocardiography trainees with a rapid reference, self-assessment question and answer guide to all aspects of echocardiography.

Packed with full-color images and written by experienced echocardiographers, the book covers:

• applied ultrasound physics
• practical hydrodynamics
• valvular heart disease
• myocardial diseases
• congenital heart disease
• non-invasive hemodynamics
• surgical echocardiography

 Containing 500 case-based questions, including clear explanations and discussions for every question, Echocardiography Board Review, 2^nd Edition, is the perfect preparation guide for all those about to take the National Board of Echocardiography's Board exam, including cardiology and echocardiography trainees and specialist physicians preparing for re-certification.  Sonographers planning to take RDCS or RDMS certification examinations should find this book very helpful as well.

 

Of related interest

Practical Manual of Echocardiography in the Urgent Setting

Fridman, ISBN 978-0-470-65997-7

 

Successful Accreditation in Echocardiography: A Self-Assessment Guide

Banypersad, ISBN 978-0-470-65692-1

 

 

Website

www.wiley.com/go/cardiology

Chapter 1

Questions

1. 1. The speed of sound in tissues is:
   1. A. Roughly 1540 m/s
   2. B. Roughly 1540 km/s
   3. C. Roughly 1540 cm/s
   4. D. Roughly 1540 m/min
2. 2. The relationship between propagation speed, frequency, and wavelength is given by the formula:
   1. A. Propagation speed = frequency × wavelength
   2. B. Propagation speed = wavelength/frequency
   3. C. Propagation speed = frequency/wavelength
   4. D. Propagation speed = wavelength × period
3. 3. The frame rate increases with:
   1. A. Increasing the depth
   2. B. Reducing sector angle
   3. C. Increasing line density
   4. D. Adding color Doppler to B-mode imaging
4. 4. Period is a measure of:
   1. A. Duration of one wavelength
   2. B. Duration of half a wavelength
   3. C. Amplitude of the wave
5. 5. Determination of regurgitant orifice area by the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method is based on:
   1. A. Law of conservation of mass
   2. B. Law of conservation of energy
   3. C. Law of conservation of momentum
   4. D. Jet momentum analysis
6. 6. In which situation can you not use the simplified Bernoulli equation to derive the pressure gradient?
   1. A. Peak instantaneous gradient across a nonobstructed mitral valve
   2. B. Peak gradient across a severely stenotic aortic valve
   3. C. Mean gradient across a severely stenotic aortic valve
   4. D. Mean gradient across a stenotic tricuspid valve
7. 7. Which of the following resolutions change with increasing field depth?
   1. A. Axial resolution
   2. B. Lateral resolution
8. 8. With a fixed-focus transducer with crystal diameter 20 mm and wavelength 2.5 mm, what is the depth of the focus?
   1. A. 40 m
   2. B. 30 mm
   3. C. 40 mm
   4. D. 4 m
9. 9. A sonographer adjusts the ultrasound machine to double the depth of view from 5 to 10 cm. If sector angle is reduced to keep the frame rate constant, which of the following has changed?
   1. A. Axial resolution
   2. B. Temporal resolution
   3. C. Lateral resolution
   4. D. The wavelength
10. 10. Which of the following properties of a reflected wave is most important in the genesis of a two-dimensional image?
    1. A. Amplitude
    2. B. Period
    3. C. Pulse repetition period
    4. D. Pulse duration
11. 11. Increasing depth will change all of the following except:
    1. A. Pulse duration
    2. B. Pulse repetition period
    3. C. Pulse repetition frequency
    4. D. Duty factor
12. 12. The two-dimensional images are produced because of this phenomenon when the ultrasound reaches the tissue:
    1. A. Refraction
    2. B. Backscatter
    3. C. Specular reflection
    4. D. Transmission
13. 13. Attenuation of ultrasound as it travels through tissue is higher at:
    1. A. Greater depth
    2. B. Lower transducer frequency
    3. C. Blood rather than soft tissue like muscle
    4. D. Bone more than air
14. 14. The half-intensity depth is a measure of:
    1. A. Ultrasound attenuation in tissue
    2. B. Half the wall thickness in mm
    3. C. Coating on the surface of the transducer
    4. D. Half the ultrasound beam width
15. 15. What is the highest pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of a 3 MHz pulsed wave transducer imaging at a depth of 7 cm?
    1. A. 21 000 Hz
    2. B. 2 333 Hz
    3. C. 11 000 Hz
    4. D. 2.1 million Hz
16. 16. Examples of continuous wave imaging include:
    1. A. Two-dimensional image
    2. B. Volumetric scanner-acquired LV image
    3. C. Color flow imaging
    4. D. Nonimaging Doppler probe (Pedoff)
17. 17. Which of the following manipulations will increase the frame rate?
    1. A. Increase depth
    2. B. Increase transmit frequency
    3. C. Decrease sector angle
    4. D. Increase transmit power
18. 18. The lateral resolution increases with:
    1. A. Decreasing transducer diameter
    2. B. Reducing power
    3. C. Beam focusing
    4. D. Reducing transmit frequency
19. 19. Axial resolution can be improved by which of the following manipulations?
    1. A. Reduce beam diameter
    2. B. Beam focusing
    3. C. Reduce gain
    4. D. Increase transmit frequency
20. 20. Type of sound used in medical imaging is:
    1. A. Ultrasound
    2. B. Infrasound
    3. C. Audible sound

Answers for chapter 1

1. 1. Answer: A.
   Speed of sound in tissue is 1540 m/s. Hence, travel time to a depth of 15 cm is roughly 0.1 ms one way (1540 m/s = 154 000 cm/s or 154 cm/ms or 15 cm per 0.1 ms) or 0.2 ms for to and fro travel. This is independent of transducer frequency and depends only on the medium of transmission.
2. 2. Answer: A
   Wavelength depends on frequency and propagation speed. It is given by the following relationship: wavelength (mm) = propagation speed (mm/µs)/frequency (MHZ). Hence, propagation speed = frequency × wavelength.
3. 3. Answer: B.
   Reducing the sector angle will reduce the time required to complete a frame by reducing the number of scan lines. This increases the temporal resolution. Decreasing the depth will increase the frame rate as well by reducing the transit time for ultrasound. Adding color Doppler will reduce the frame rate as more data need to be processed.
4. 4. Answer: A
   Period is the time taken for one cycle or one wavelength to occur. The common unit for period is µs. Period decreas...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Chapter 1
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 3
• Chapter 4
• Chapter 5
• Chapter 6
• Chapter 7
• Chapter 8
• Chapter 9
• Chapter 10
• Chapter 11
• Chapter 12
• Chapter 13
• Chapter 14
• Chapter 15
• Chapter 16
• Chapter 17
• Chapter 18
• Chapter 19
• Chapter 20
• Chapter 21
• Chapter 22
• Chapter 23
• Chapter 24
• Chapter 25
• End User License Agreement