Basic Guide to Oral Health Education and Promotion

Simon Felton, Alison Chapman, Simon H. Felton

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2013
• Print ISBN:
  9781118629444
• eBook ISBN:
  9781118629437
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Dentistry

Step by step course companion for dental nurses studying for the Certificate in Oral Health Education. Topics covered include dental structures, anatomy and physiology, oral diseases and prevention, the principles of education, oral health and society, promoting oral health in the 21st century, patient communication, project planning and workplace assignments. This second edition has been thoroughly updated in line with the substantial changes to the role of the dental nurse since the 1^st edition was published. To address this, a brand new section has been added on education and research.

SECTION 1

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

INTRODUCTION

This section looks at the structure and functions of the oral cavity in some detail. It includes the development of the oral cavity in utero, the structure of the tooth and its supporting tissues, plus eruption dates for primary and secondary dentitions.

It also includes the functions of the tongue in maintaining oral health and common conditions associated with it, plus the composition and role of saliva in keeping the mouth healthy.

Chapter 1

The oral cavity in health

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Describe how the oral cavity, jaws and face develop in utero.

2. Explain the structure and function of the tissues and fluid of the oral cavity, including teeth, supporting structures, the tongue and saliva.

3. List primary and secondary dentition eruption dates.

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INTRODUCTION

Before oral health educators (OHEs) can deliver dental health messages to patients, and confidently discuss oral care and disease with them, they will need a basic understanding of how the mouth develops in utero, the anatomy of the oral cavity (Figures 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4) and how the following structures function within it:

Figure 1.1 Structure of the oral cavity (© Elsevier 2002. Reproduced with permission from Reference 1)

Figure 1.2 A healthy mouth, white person (© John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2003. Reproduced with permission from Reference 2)

Figure 1.3 A healthy mouth, black person (source: Alison Chapman)

Figure 1.4 A healthy mouth, Asian person (source: Alison Chapman)

• Teeth (including dentition).
• Periodontium (the supporting structure of the tooth).
• Tongue.
• Salivary glands (and saliva).

ORAL EMBRYOLOGY

A basic understanding of the development of the face, oral cavity and jaws in the embryo and developing foetus will enable the OHE to discuss with patients certain oral manifestations of conditions that stem from in utero development (notably cleft lip and palate – Figure 1.5). (An embryo describes the growing organism up to 8 weeks in utero; a foetus describes the growing organism from 8 weeks in utero.)

Figure 1.5 Cleft lip (© iStockphoto.com/April Anderton)

Development of the face

At approximately week 4 in utero (Figure 1.6), the embryo begins to develop five facial processes (projections), which eventually form the face, oral cavity, palate and jaws by week 8 [3]:

Figure 1.6 Facial development at 4 weeks in utero (© John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Reproduced with permission from Reference 3)

• Frontonasal process – forms the forehead, nose and philtrum (groove in upper lip).
• Maxillary process (two projections) – forms the middle face and upper lip.
• Mandibular process (two projections) – forms the mandible and lower lip.

Development of the palate and nasal cavities

Week 5

The frontonasal and maxillary processes begin to form the nose and maxilla. However, if the nasal and maxillary processes fail to fuse a cleft lip and palate will result [3]. A cleft lip can be anything from a small notch in the lip (incomplete cleft) to a wide gap that runs up to the nostril (complete cleft lip). One type of cleft palate (submucous) can be hidden.

There are two types of cleft lip:

• Unilateral – appears on one side of the lip at the philtrum.
• Bilateral – occurs on both sides of the lip, both sides of the philtrum.

Week 6

By week 6, the primary palate and nasal septum have developed. The septum divides the nasal cavity into two.

Week 8

By week 8, the palate is divided into oral and nasal cavities.

Development of the jaws (mandible and maxilla)

Week 6

By week 6, a band of dense fibrous tissue (Meckel's cartilage) forms and provides the structure around which the mandible forms.

Week 7

By week 7, bone develops, outlining the body of the mandible, and as the bone grows backwards two secondary cartilages develop; these eventually become the condyle and coronoid processes. As the bone grows forward, the two sides are separated by a cartilage called the mandibular symphysis. The two sides will finally fuse into one bone approximately 2 years after birth. Upward growth of bone begins along the mandibular arch forming the alveolar process, which will go on to surround the developing tooth germs.

Week 8

By week 8, ossification (bone development) of the maxilla begins.

Tooth germ development in the foetus

Tooth germ (tissue mass) develops in three stages known as bud, cap and bell. The developing tooth germ can be affected by the mother's health (see Chapter 20).

1. Bud – at 8 weeks, clumps of cells form swellings known as enamel organs. Each enamel organ is responsible for the development of a tooth.

2. Cap – the enamel organ continues to grow and by 12 weeks (the late cap stage), cells have formed the inner enamel epithelium and the outer enamel epithelium. Beneath the inner enamel epithelium, the concentration of cells will eventually become the pulp. The enamel organ is surrounded by a fibrous capsule (the dental follicle), which will eventually form t...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Endorsements
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Section 1: Structure and Functions of the Oral Cavity
• Section 2: Diseases and Conditions of the Oral Cavity
• Section 3: Oral Disease Prevention
• Section 4: Delivering Oral Health Messages
• Section 5: Oral Health Target Groups and Case Studies
• Section 6: Oral Health and Society
• Index