Water Engineering

Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN:
  9780470390986
• Edition: 1
• eBook ISBN:
  9781119041900
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Environmental Management
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Details the design and process of water supply systems, tracing the progression from source to sink

• Organized and logical flow, tracing the connections in the water-supply system from the water's source to its eventual use
• Emphasized coverage of water supply infrastructure and the design of water treatment processes
• Inclusion of fundamentals and practical examples so as to connect theory with the realities of design
• Provision of useful reference for practicing engineers who require a more in-depth coverage, higher level students studying drinking water systems as well as students in preparation for the FE/PE examinations
• Inclusion of examples and homework questions in both SI and US units

Chapter 1
Introduction to Water Systems

The right to water is an implicit part of the right to an adequate standard of living and the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, both of which are protected by the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which was established in 1976. However, some countries continue to deny the legitimacy of this right. In light of this fact and because of the widespread noncompliance of states with their obligations regarding the right to water, the United Nations' Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights confirmed and further defined the right to water in its General Comment No. 15 in 2002. The comment clearly states that the right to water emanates from and is indispensable for an adequate standard of living as it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival:

The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. An adequate amount of safe water is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, reduce the risk of water-related disease and provide for consumption, cooking, personal and domestic hygienic requirements.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.1 billion people (17% of the global population) lack access to safe drinking water, meaning that they have to revert to unprotected wells or springs, canals, lakes, or rivers to fetch water; 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation; and 1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases, including 90% of children under age 5. This situation is no longer bearable. To meet the WHO's Water for Life Decade (2005–2015), an additional 260,000 people per day need to gain access to improved water sources.

In 2004 about 3.5 billion people worldwide (54% of the global population) had access to piped water supply through house connections. Another 1.3 billion (20%) had access to safe water through other means than house connections, including standpipes, “water kiosks,” protected springs, and protected wells.

In the United States 95% of the population that is served by community water systems receives drinking water that meets all applicable health-based drinking water standards through effective treatment and source water protection. In 2007, approximately 156,000 US public drinking water systems served more than 306 million people. Each of these systems regularly supplied drinking water to at least 25 people or 15 service connections. Beyond their common purpose, the 156,000 systems vary widely. Table 1.1 groups water systems into categories that show their similarities and differences. For example, the table shows that most people in the United States (286 million) get their water from a community water system. Of the approximately 52,000 community water systems, just 8% of those systems (4048) serve 82% of the people.

Table 1.1 US public water systems size by population served in 2007

		Very small	Small	Medium	Large	Very large
Water system		(500 or less)	(501–3,300)	(3,301–10,000)	(10,001–100,000)	(>100,000)	Total
Community water system^a	No. of systems	29,282	13,906	4,822	3,702	398	52,110
	Population served	4,857,007	19,848,329	27,942,486	105,195,727	128,607,655	286,451,204
	Percentage of systems	56	27	9	7	1	100
	Percentage of population	2	7	10	37	45	100
Nontransient noncommunity water system^b	No. of systems	16,034	2,662	120	22	1	18,839
	Population served	2,247,556	2,710,330	639,561	533,845	203,000	6,334,292
	Percentage of systems	85	14	1	0	0	100
	Percentage of population	35	43	10	8	3	100
Transient noncommunity water system^c	No. of systems	81,873	2,751	102	15	3	84,744
	Population served	7,230,344	2,681,373	546,481	424,662	2,869,000	13,751,860
	Percentage of systems	97	3	0	0	0	100
	Percentage of population	53	19	4	3	21	100
Total no. of systems		127,189	19,319	5,044	3,739	402	155,693

Source: Courtesy US Environmental Protection Agency.

^aCommunity water system: a public water system that supplies water to the same population year-round.

^bNontransient noncommunity water system: a public water system that regularly supplies water to at least 25 of the same people at least 6 months per year, but not year-round. Some examples are schools, factories, office buildings, and hospitals that have their own water systems.

^cTransient noncommunity water system: a public water system that provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods of time.

Water is used in population centers for many purposes: (a) for drinking and culinary uses; (b) for washing, bathing, and laundering; (c) for cleaning windows, walls, and floors; (d) for heating an...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Water Systems
• Chapter 2: Water Sources: Surface Water
• Chapter 3: Water Sources: Groundwater
• Chapter 4: Quantities of Water Demand
• Chapter 5: Water Hydraulics, Transmission, and Appurtenances
• Chapter 6: Water Distribution Systems: Components, Design, and Operation
• Chapter 7: Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications
• Chapter 8: Pumping, Storage, and Dual Water Systems
• Chapter 9: Cross-Connection Control
• Chapter 10: Water Quality Characteristics and Drinking Water Standards
• Chapter 11: Water Treatment Systems
• Chapter 12: Chemicals Feeding, Mixing, and Flocculation
• Chapter 13: Aeration, Gas Transfer, and Oxidation
• Chapter 14: Coagulation
• Chapter 15: Screening, Sedimentation, and Flotation
• Chapter 16: Conventional Filtration
• Chapter 17: Alternative and Membrane Filtration Technologies
• Chapter 18: Disinfection and Disinfection By-products Control
• Chapter 19: Chemical Precipitation and Water Softening
• Chapter 20: Adsorption and Ion Exchange
• Chapter 21: Chemical Stabilization and Control of Corrosion and Biofilms
• Chapter 22: Residues Management, Safety, and Emergency Response
• Chapter 23: Prevention through Design and System Safety
• Chapter 24: Engineering Projects Management
• Appendixes 1 to 26 Water Engineering: Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment
• Index
• EULA