Engineering Thermodynamics
Engineering thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations within engineering systems. It focuses on the principles of energy transfer and conversion, as well as the behavior of materials and substances under different conditions. This field is essential for designing and optimizing energy systems, engines, and other mechanical devices.
6 Key excerpts on "Engineering Thermodynamics"
eBook - ePub- Richard Gentle, Peter Edwards, William Bolton(Authors)
- 2001(Publication Date)
- Newnes(Publisher)
...2 Thermodynamics Summary Thermodynamics is an essential part of the study of mechanical engineering. It involves knowledge basic to the functioning of prime movers such as petrol and diesel engines, steam turbines and gas turbines. It covers significant operating parameters of this equipment in terms of fuel consumption and power output. In industrial and domestic heating systems, refrigeration, air conditioning and in thermal insulation in buildings and equipment, the understanding of basic thermodynamic principles allows effective systems to be developed and applied. In almost all manufacturing industry there are processes which involve the use of heat energy. This chapter imparts the fundamentals of thermodynamics in the major fields and then applies them in a wide range of situations. The basis is therefore laid for further study and for the understanding of related processes in plant and equipment not covered here. Objectives By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to: • understand the principle of specific and latent heat and apply it to gases and vapours; • appreciate the processes which can be applied to a gas and the corresponding heat and work energy transfers involved; • relate the gas processes to power cycles theoretical and actual; • understand the processes relating to steam and apply them in steam power plant; • apply the vapour processes to refrigeration plant, and establish refrigeration plant operating parameters; • understand the principles of heat transfer by conduction through plane walls and pipework. 2.1 Heat energy This chapter introduces heat energy by looking at the specific heat and latent heat of solids and gases. This provides the base knowledge required for many ordinary estimations of heat energy quantities in heating and cooling, such as are involved in many industrial processes, and in the production of steam from ice and water...
eBook - ePub- RogerTim Haug(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...CHAPTER 3 Thermodynamic Fundamentals INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with energy and its transformations. Thermodynamics is normally associated with heat, but the subject deals not only with heat but all forms of energy. The principles of thermodynamics are well established and have been applied to physical, chemical, and biological systems. Lehninger 1 has stated that the proper study of biology, for example, should start from thermodynamic principles as the central theme that can best systematize biological facts and theories. This same statement can be made about the study of composting systems. Application of thermodynamic principles is a fundamental way of analyzing composting systems just as it has been a fundamental method for analysis of other physical, chemical, and biological processes. Because the laws of thermodynamics appear to be inviolable, application of these laws will reveal much about the limitations and expectations of composting systems. The subject of thermodynamics should be distinguished clearly from the related subject of kinetics. Thermodynamics deals with the energy changes that accompany a process. Kinetics deals with rates or velocities of reactions and cannot be inferred from thermodynamics. For example, organic molecules in a piece of paper contain a rather substantial amount of energy. If a match is struck to the paper the energy is released at a rapid kinetic rate. If the paper is decomposed by microbial action, as in a compost pile, the energy is released at a much slower kinetic rate. The same amount of energy is released in either case but the kinetics are quite different. The subject of this Chapter is energy changes as determined by thermodynamics. Kinetic principles of composting are discussed in Chapter 10. For most organisms life is a constant struggle or search for energy supplies needed to power the cellular machinery...
eBook - ePub- Mike Pauken(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- For Dummies(Publisher)
...Part I Covering the Basics in Thermodynamics In this part. . . Thermodynamics is part of natural law — it governs the use of energy in everything from the weather to your diet. I introduce you to basic concepts of energy, describing how it changes form in both natural and man-made systems. With just four simple laws, a table of material properties, and a calculator, you can figure out how much energy it takes to boil an egg or operate a power plant. Soon you’ll be calculating all kinds of interesting facts related to energy. Chapter 1 Thermodynamics in Everyday Life In This Chapter Seeing thermodynamics in the world around you Changing energy from one form to another Getting energy to do work and move heat for you Figuring out relationships, reactions, and mixtures (nothing personal) Inspiring you to save the world from an energy shortage Thermodynamics is as old as the universe itself, and the universe is simply the largest known thermodynamic system. When the universe ends in a whimper and the total energy of the universe dissipates to nothingness, so will thermodynamics end. Broadly speaking, thermodynamics is all about energy: how it gets used and how it changes from one form to another. In many cases, thermodynamics involves using heat to provide work, as in the case of your automobile engine, or doing work to move heat, as in your refrigerator. With thermodynamics, you can find out how efficient things are at using energy for useful purposes, such as moving an airplane, generating electricity, or even riding a bicycle. The word thermodynamics has a Greek heritage. The first part, thermo, conveys the idea that heat is somehow involved, and the second part, dynamics, makes you think of things that move. Keep these two ideas in mind as you look at your world in terms of the basic laws of thermodynamics...
eBook - ePub- H. W. Liepmann, A. Roshko(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Dover Publications(Publisher)
...CHAPTER 1 Concepts from Thermodynamics 1.1 Introduction The basis of any physical theory is a set of experimental results. From these special primary observations, general principles are abstracted, which can be formulated in words or in mathematical equations. These principles are then applied to correlate and explain a group of physical phenomena and to predict new ones. The experimental basis of thermodynamics is formalized in the so-called principal laws. The law of conservation of energy, which thermodynamics shares with mechanics, electrodynamics, etc., is one of these principal laws. It introduces the concept of internal energy of a system. The other principal laws of thermodynamics introduce and define the properties of entropy and temperature, the two concepts which are particular and fundamental for thermodynamics. The principles laid down in these fundamental laws apply to the relations between equilibrium states of matter in bulk. For instance, thermodynamics yields the relation between the specific heats at constant pressure and at constant volume; it relates the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure to the latent heat of evaporization; it gives upper bounds for the efficiency of cyclic processes, etc. Fluid mechanics of perfect fluids, i.e., fluids without viscosity and heat conductivity, is an extension of equilibrium thermodynamics to moving fluids. The kinetic energy of the fluid has now to be considered in addition to the internal energy which the fluid possesses when at rest. The ratio of this kinetic energy per unit mass to the internal energy per unit mass is a characteristic dimensionless quantity of the flow problem and in the simplest cases is directly proportional to the square of the Mach number. Thermodynamic results are taken over to perfect fluid flow almost directly. Fluid mechanics of real fluids goes beyond classical thermodynamics...
eBook - ePub- Tangellapalli Srinivas(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Bentham Science Publishers(Publisher)
...Basic Thermodynamics of Heat Recovery Power Plants Tangellapalli Srinivas Abstract The basics of thermodynamics required to evaluate a thermal power plant have been summarized. The first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics are overviewed to solve the power plant in view of energy analysis and exergy analysis. The chemical reactions with solutions are explained to understand the solid fuel firing in a typical furnace in a power plant. Keywords: Combustion of fuels, Exergy, First law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics. INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion with framed laws and regulations. In thermodynamics, heat and work are the focused energies. It plays a key role in planning and organizing a thermal system before its making. It also develops the optimum process conditions for the efficient operation of a thermal power plant. Nature has a tremendous amount of energy. The energy always tries to convert from one form to another form. Thermodynamics deals with these energy interactions in a systematic way with reference to certain rules called thermodynamic laws. Sadi Carnot, the father of thermodynamics, developed a benchmark heat engine called Carnot engine and made a goal for a thermal power plant. He also developed many theories that are more relevant to a thermal power plant. The complete thermodynamics study includes four ‘E’s viz. energy, exergy, economics, and environment. The thermodynamics laws viz. zero, first, second, and third are designed based on logic and common sense. THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM Thermodynamic system is a prescribed region with finite matter, confined by walls which separate it from the surrondings. A typical thermal power plant consists of four thermodynamic systems viz. turbine, condenser, pump, and boiler. The feedwater is heated with a heat source and turned into superheated steam...
eBook - ePubBiothermodynamics
Principles and Applications
- Mustafa Ozilgen, Esra Sorguven Oner(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...Later it entered into the chemical engineering curricula especially to study hydrocarbon separation processes. The concept of entropy was used in electrical engineering as a measure of information content. Thermodynamics was used to be one of the technological sciences taught in engineering and science curricula. The technological sciences, according to Hansson (2007): Have human-made rather than natural objects as their ultimate study objects, like a steam engine Include the practice of engineering design, like designing a power plant to achieve a predetermined capacity of electric power production Define their study objects in functional terms, like enthalpy and entropy Evaluate these study objects with category-specified value statements, like calculation of coal required to produce predetermined amount of electricity, then relating these numbers with the efficiency of the plant Employ less far-reaching idealizations than the natural sciences, like using block diagrams of the equipment, rather than detailed sketches Do not need an exact mathematical solution when a sufficiently close approximation is available “The development that meets the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs” is referred to as the sustainable development (Borland et al., 1987). In the assessment of new energy sources, sustainability, that is, renewability, is an important concern. Sustainability depends both on the energy content of the input materials and the process pathways (Thamsiriroj and Murphy, 2009). A successful energy source has to be sustainable in economic, social, environmental, and thermodynamic aspects, including—among other criteria—minimization of the net carbon dioxide emission, and to be complementary with the food supply and waste management programs (Cramer et al., 2006; Worldwatch Institute, 2007; Goldemberg et al., 2008)...
